The Living WorldNEET Botany · Class 11 · NCERT Chapter 1

Solution

Binomial nomenclature: genus capitalized (Mangifera), species epithet lowercase (indica). Both italicized.

Solution

Genus: Homo (capital H). Species: sapiens (lowercase s). Printed in italics.

Solution

Carolus Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature in Systema Naturae (1758).

Solution

Genus Oryza (capital). Species sativa (lowercase). Italicized when printed.

Solution

Panthera leo is the scientific name for lion. Panthera tigris = tiger; Panthera pardus = leopard.

Solution

ICBN: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. ICZN covers animals.

Solution

When handwritten, both parts of the binomial name must be underlined separately. Italics are for print only.

Solution

From lowest (most specific) to highest (broadest): Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom.

Solution

Species is the basic and most fundamental unit of classification. Members of a species can interbreed.

Solution

Kingdom is the highest and most inclusive category, containing the greatest diversity of organisms.

Solution

All cats (domestic, lion, tiger, leopard) belong to family Felidae. Carnivora is the order; Canidae is the dog family.

Solution

Homo sapiens: Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, Species sapiens.

Solution

In plant taxonomy, the rank Phylum is replaced by Division. Both are equivalent levels below Kingdom.

Solution

Genus groups species that share many common characters, reflecting close evolutionary relationship.

Solution

Metabolism (sum of all chemical reactions in a cell) is the only defining feature common to ALL living organisms. Not all move, photosynthesize, or reproduce sexually.

Solution

Living organisms grow from within (intrinsic growth) by cell division and cell growth. Crystals show external accretion, not intrinsic growth.

Solution

Mules (horse x donkey hybrid) are sterile and cannot reproduce. However, they are still living organisms because reproduction is not an all-or-nothing requirement for life.

Solution

Locomotion (movement from place to place) is NOT a feature of all living organisms. Plants do not show locomotion. Movement and locomotion are different.

Solution

Seeds in dormancy have extremely reduced but ongoing metabolism. They can germinate when conditions are right, proving they are living organisms.

Solution

A herbarium stores dried, pressed, and mounted plant specimens (with labels giving scientific name, collector, collection date, place) for permanent reference.

Solution

The Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden in Howrah, Kolkata, is the most famous botanical garden in India. It houses the famous 250-year-old Great Banyan tree.

Solution

Flora is a publication listing all plant species found in a particular geographical region, with descriptions and identification keys.

Solution

A monograph is a comprehensive research publication giving full account of a single taxonomic group (e.g., a genus or family) worldwide.

Solution

In a dichotomous (two-forked) key, each step offers exactly two contrasting statements. Choosing the correct one advances you toward identification.

Solution

R.H. Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom classification in 1969: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

Solution

Kingdom Monera includes all prokaryotic organisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria). They have no membrane-bound nucleus.

Solution

Fungi are heterotrophs (absorb nutrition from organic matter). Their cell walls contain chitin, not cellulose. Plants are autotrophs with cellulose cell walls.

Solution

Viruses are acellular (no cell structure) and are not placed in any of the five kingdoms. They are considered non-living by most biologists.

Solution

Kingdom Protista: unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. Example: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, diatoms.

Solution

Homeostasis is the ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment (temperature, pH, water balance) despite external changes. It is a key property of all living organisms.

Solution

Mammalia is a class within Phylum Chordata (all animals with a notochord at some stage). Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Mammalia.

Solution

Zoological parks (zoos) maintain live wild animals under human care in near-natural conditions for study, conservation and education. Museums preserve dead specimens.

Solution

In a binomial name, the first word (capitalized) is the genus. Solanum is the genus; tuberosum is the species epithet. Solanum tuberosum = potato.