Body Fluids and CirculationNEET Zoology · Class 11 · NCERT Chapter 6

Solution

Approximately seventy percent of carbon dioxide absorbed by the blood is transported as bicarbonate ions. This process occurs in the red blood cells and plasma, as described in NCERT XII chapter Body Fluids and Circulation, making option (a) correct.

Solution

Whale is a mammal which has 4 chambered heart, so has complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Whale have double circulatory pathways: Systemic and pulmonary circulation. www.vedantu.com 14

Solution

Second heart sound is 'DUP' which is produced during early ventricular diastole due to the sharp closure of semilunar valves.

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Reduction in pH of blood decreases the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen.

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Blood pressure in different blood vessels: Artery > Arteriole > Capillary > Venule > Vein (Vena cava)

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A decrease in blood pressure / volume stimulates the release of renin, aldosterone, and ADH while increase in blood pressure / volume stimulates the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) which cause vasodilation and also inhibits RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System) mechanism that decreases the blood volume/pressure.

Solution

Primary treatment is a physical process which involves sequential filtration and sedimentation.

Solution

- Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
- Bicuspid valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
- Semilunar valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Solution

- Tidal volume (a) is 500 – 550 mL, the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
- Inspiratory Reserve volume (b) is 2500 – 3000 mL, the additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.
- Expiratory Reserve volume (c) is 1000 – 1100 mL, the additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.
- Residual volume (d) is 1100 – 1200 mL, the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. Option (b) is correct.

Solution

The lens is suspended by ligaments called suspensory ligaments, which are attached to the ciliary body. This arrangement allows the lens to change shape for focusing, as described in NCERT XI chapter Body Fluids and Circulation, so option (c) is correct.

Solution

- Glycosuria: Presence of glucose in urine.
- Gout: Accumulation of uric acid in joints.
- Renal calculi: Mass of crystallised salts within the kidney.
- Glomerular nephritis: Inflammation in glomeruli.

Thus, the correct matching is option (b).

Solution

- Fibrinogen is involved in blood clotting.
- Globulin provides defence mechanism.
- Albumin maintains osmotic balance.

Solution

Cardiac output = stroke volume × number of heart beats Stroke volume = EDP – ESP (100 – 50)

Solution

Option (1) is the correct answer because both the statements I and II are correct as fatty acids and glycerol being insoluble in water, cannot be absorbed into the blood. They are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles which move into the intestinal mucosa. They are re-formed into very small protein coated fat globules called chylomicrons which are transported into the lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi. These lymph vessels ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream.

Solution

Option (4) is the correct answer because coagulum or clot is formed mainly of a network of threads called fibrins. Hence, Statement I is incorrect. RBCs are destroyed in the spleen so spleen is known as the graveyard of erythrocytes. Hence, Statement II is correct.

Solution

- Cohesion is the mutual attraction among water molecules.
- Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules towards polar surfaces.
- Surface tension is a property of liquids that results from cohesion, making the surface behave like a thin elastic layer.
- Guttaion is the exudation of liquid water from the margins of leaves, which is a form of water loss in the liquid phase. Therefore, option (b) is correct.

Solution

Chemiosmosis requires a membrane, a proton pump to establish a proton gradient, and ATP synthase to utilize the gradient for ATP production. NCERT XI chapter Body Fluids and Circulation outlines these components as essential for the process, so option (b) is correct.

Solution

Statement I is incorrect because the N-terminal is the left end and the C-terminal is the right end of a protein. Statement II is correct as adult human hemoglobin consists of four subunits: two $\alpha$ and two $\beta$ subunits. NCERT XI chapter Body Fluids and Circulation confirms the structure of hemoglobin, so option (a) is correct.

Solution

- CCK (Cholecystokinin) is secreted by the duodenum and stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, so A-IV.
- GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) is secreted by the duodenum and inhibits gastric secretion, so B-III.
- ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor) is secreted by the heart and regulates blood pressure and volume, so C-II.
- ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is secreted by the posterior pituitary and regulates water reabsorption in the kidney, so D-I.

Solution

- P-wave corresponds to the depolarisation of atria (III).
- Q-wave marks the beginning of ventricular depolarisation, which is part of the QRS complex (I).
- QRS complex represents the depolarisation of ventricles (IV).
- T-wave indicates the repolarisation of ventricles (II).

Solution

HIV primarily infects and replicates within Tₕ cells (CD4+ T cells), leading to their depletion and compromising the immune system. NCERT XII chapter Body Fluids and Circulation describes Tₕ cells as the primary target of HIV, so option (b) is correct.

Solution

ADH facilitates water reabsorption to prevent diuresis, ANF causes vasodilation, and ADH can increase blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction. Osmoreceptors are activated, not switched off, by excessive fluid loss, and ADH does not decrease GFR, so option (c) is correct.

Solution

Basophils secrete histamine, serotonin, and heparin, and are involved in inflammatory responses. However, they are not the most abundant WBCs, do not have a kidney-shaped nucleus, and are granulocytes, not agranulocytes. Therefore, statements B and C are correct, so option (d) is the correct choice.

Solution

The vena cava is the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart in a frog. NCERT XII chapter Body Fluids and Circulation describes the vena cava as the major vein returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, so option (d) is correct.

Solution

In frogs, special venous connection between liver and intestine as well as the kidney and lower parts of the body are present in frogs. The former is called hepatic portal system and the latter is called renal portal system.