Biotechnology: Principles and ProcessesNEET Botany · Class 12 · NCERT Chapter 7

Solution

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) and Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YAC) are commonly used vectors for human genome sequencing due to their large insert capacity. NCERT XII chapter Biotechnology: Principles and Processes highlights these vectors for their utility in large-scale genome projects, so option (b) is correct.

Solution

The cutting of DNA at specific locations became possible with the discovery of restriction enzymes called molecular scissors or knife.

Solution

Fimbriae - Hollow tubular surface appendages, present in bacterial cell, which help in attachment to rocks and / or host tissues. www.vedantu.com 15

Solution

Plasmids are extrachromosomal, double stranded circular DNA.

Solution

The enzyme taq polymerase is a thermostable enzyme which is obtained from Thermus aquaticus.

Solution

Zinc finger analysis does not contribute to DNA fingerprinting.

Solution

Hind II is a type of restriction endonuclease.

Solution

During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by agarose gel.

Solution

Retroviruses are commonly used as vectors for introducing DNA fragments into human lymphocytes due to their ability to integrate their genetic material into the host genome. NCERT XII chapter Biotechnology Principles and Processes highlights retroviruses as effective vectors for gene therapy, so option (c) is correct.

Solution

The correct sequence in PCR is denaturation, annealing, and extension. Denaturation separates the DNA strands, annealing allows primers to bind, and extension synthesizes new DNA strands, as described in NCERT XII Biotechnology Principles and Processes, so option (d) is correct.

Solution

- T.H. Morgan is associated with genetic linkage and gene mapping, not transduction.
- F${}_2$ $\times$ Recessive parent is a test cross, not a dihybrid cross.
- Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules, which are nucleic acids, making option (c) correct.
- G. Mendel is known for the laws of inheritance, not transformation.

Solution

- XO type sex determination is correct for grasshoppers, where males have one X chromosome and no Y.
- ABO blood grouping is correctly associated with co-dominance, where both A and B alleles are expressed.
- Starch synthesis in peas is not related to multiple alleles; this is a misstatement.
- T.H. Morgan's work on linkage is correctly paired with his name, as he discovered genetic linkage in Drosophila.
Option (c) is the incorrect pairing.

Solution

Factual- NCERT

Solution

Ref. XI NCERT Chapter- 11, Page No. 190

Solution

Gradient of osmolarity towards inner medulla concentrates urine

Solution

Factual NCERT

Solution

Option (2) is the correct answer because b oth the statements are correct but the given reason is not the correct explanation. Polymerase chain reaction is used in DNA amplification. Ampicillin resistance gene is a selectable marker that helps to check transformation by selection of transformants. - 45 - NEET (UG)-2022 (Code-Q1)

Solution

Option (3) is the incorrect statement, as bright colored bands of DNA can be observed in the gel when EtBr (Ethidium bromide) treated DNA is exposed to UV light.

Solution

Option (2) is the correct answer as the source of the complementary RNA for RNA i could be mobile genetic elements (transposons) that replicate via an RNA intermediate. Option (3) is incorrect as autoradiography usally follows hybridisation. Option (1) is incorrect because polymerase chain reaction is used to make copies of the DNA sample and does not need transposons. Option (4) is incorrect because transposons are not required during gene sequencing.

Solution

Option (2) is the correct answer as a palindromic DNA sequence is a DNA sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept the same. Out of the four options, option (2) is the only palindromic sequence. 5′GAATTC3′ 3′CTTAAG5′

Solution

Sequencing the whole set of genome that contained all the coding and non-coding sequences and later assigning different regions in the sequence with fuctions is called sequence annotation.

Solution

Option )1( is the correct answer because both the statements I and II are correct. Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. It will bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of double helix at specific points. Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the centre of the palindrome site; but between the same two bases on the opposite strands. So both the statements I and II are correct. - 55 - NEET (UG)-2022 (Code- Q1)

Solution

During DNA purification, chilled ethanol is used to precipitate DNA, which is less soluble in alcohol. This step helps in separating DNA from other cellular components, so option (c) is correct.

Solution

In the gene gun method, microparticles of tungsten or gold are used to carry and deliver the alien DNA into host cells. NCERT XII chapter Biotechnology Principles and Processes specifies these metals due to their inertness and ability to be coated with DNA, so option (d) is correct.

Solution

Correct answer is option (3) because The fate of a piece of DNA carrying only gene of interest which is transferred into an alien organism are: (B) It may get integrated into the genome of the recipient (C) It may multiply and be inherited along with the host DNA ⇒ This piece of DNA would not be able to multiply itself in the progeny cells of the organism but when gets integrated into the genome of the recipient, it may multiply and be inherited along with the host DNA.

Solution

Protoplast of two varieties of plants are fused in somatic hybridization.

Solution

The correct answer is option (3) as Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is tumor inducing plasmid, containing T-DNA which causes tumor in several dicot plants. Options (1), (2) and (4) are not correct.

Solution

Correct answer is option (2), because ‘X’ in the given diagram is ori while ‘Y’ is rop. ‘X’ which is ori is responsible for controlling the copy number of the linked DNA and ‘ Y’ which is rop codes for protein involved in the replication of plasmid. Options (1), (3) and (4) are incorrect as ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are not related to these functions. - 73 - NEET (UG)-2024 (Code-Q1)

Solution

PCR amplifies DNA exponentially, following the equation $2^n$, where $n$ is the number of cycles. This exponential growth is due to the doubling of DNA molecules in each cycle, as described in NCERT XII Biotechnology: Principles and Processes, so option (b) is correct.

Solution

Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic engineering is used as a ‘clot buster’ for removing clots from blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction leading to heart attack. Curd production is done by Lactobacillus and ethanol production is done by Saccharomyces.

Solution

Insertion of an alien DNA at the EcoRI site in the plasmid disrupts the $\text{lacZ}$ gene, preventing the production of $\beta$-galactosidase. This results in white colonies on X-gal plates, so option (c) is correct.

Solution

B - Motor
C - Foam breaker
A - Flat bladed impeller

D - Sterile air

∴ Part labelled as C is foam breaker.

Solution

$A.\text{Aspergillus niger}$ is used in the production of citric acid, and $B.\text{Lactobacillus}$ is used in yogurt production. $C.\text{Trichoderma polysporum}$ is not commonly involved in household product preparation. $D.\text{Saccharomyces cerevisiae}$ is used in baking and brewing, and $E.\text{Propionibacterium shermanii}$ is used in cheese production. Therefore, option (a) is correct.

Solution

Gene cloning is a process where a specific gene or DNA sequence is isolated and replicated, creating multiple identical copies.

In gene cloning, restriction enzymes, DNA ligase and DNA polymerase are primarily used.

Solution

Lactobacillus is used for production of curd.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for the fermentation of palm sap to obtain toddy drink.

Propionibacterium sharmanii is used for production of swiss cheese.

Aspergillus niger is used for the commercial production of citric acid.

Trichoderma polysporum is used for the production of cyclosporin A and also act as a biocontrol agent.

A, C are used in industrial production of citric acid and cyclosporin-A.

Solution

In the blue-white screening method, colonies that remain white have the DNA insert in the plasmid and are identified as recombinant colonies. Blue colonies lack the insert and are non-recombinant. Therefore, Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct, so option (d) is the correct answer.