Plant KingdomNEET Botany · Class 11 · NCERT Chapter 3

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Chara has an upper oogonium and a lower antheridium, not the other way around. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes the reproductive structures of Chara, so option (c) is incorrect.

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Sphagnum, a moss, is responsible for peat formation due to its ability to retain water and create acidic, oxygen-poor conditions that slow decomposition. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes Sphagnum as a key organism in peat bogs, so option (d) is correct.

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In tomatoes, both the placenta and pericarp are edible. The placenta is the tissue that bears the seeds, and the pericarp is the fruit wall. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes the edible parts of fruits, confirming that option (c) is correct.

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A proteinaceous aleurone layer is present in maize grain, which is a correct statement. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes the aleurone layer as a protein-rich layer in the endosperm of cereals like maize, so option (c) is correct.

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Tracheids differ from other tracheary elements by being imperforate, meaning they lack end wall perforations. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes tracheids as having pits but no perforations, so option (b) is correct.

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Chrysophytes are photosynthetic protists. They have overlapping cell wall like soap box.

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Coconut water is free nuclear endosperm.

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Filiform apparatus is finger like projections in eachsynergid.

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Scutellum is the large persistent cotyledon in embryo of wheat grain.

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Chromatophores are photosynthetic apparatus in prokaryotes.

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Formation of fruit without fertilisation is called parthenocarpy. Banana is a parthenocarpic fruit therefore seedless.

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Flowers are unisexual in cucumber. [Family - Cucurbitaceae]

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Pistia - roots are poorly developed as it is free floating hydrophyte.

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cop= q1 w= q2 q1−q2 = Tc TH−TC =5 TC=5TH−5Tc 6Tc=5TH www.vedantu.com 35 TH=6 5 ×253k=303.6k=30.6oC= 31oC 114. A photoelectric surface is illuminated successively by monochromatic light of wavelength 𝜆 and 𝜆 2. If the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons in the second case is 3 times that in the first case, the work function of the surface of the material is: (h = Planck’s constant, c = speed of light) (1) ℎ𝑐 2𝜆 (2) ℎ𝑐 𝜆 (3) 2ℎ𝑐 𝜆 (4) ℎ𝑐 3𝜆 Solution: (1) 𝑘1=ℎ𝑐 𝜆 − 𝜓 𝑘2=3𝑘1=2ℎ𝑐 𝜆 −𝜓= 3ℎ𝑐 𝜆 −3𝜓 So 2 𝜓= ℎ𝑐 𝜆 So 𝜓= ℎ𝑐 2𝜆

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In tender coconuts, the coconut water represents free nuclear endosperm.

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Papillionaceous corolla.

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Liliaceae family is a monocot family characterized by tricarpellary, syncarpous gynoceium with superior, trilocular ovary with two ovules in each loculus and placentation axile.

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Peptidoglycan – Bacterial cell wall Cellulose and Hemicellulose – Plant cell wall Chitin – Fungal cell wall

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Eubacteria are called true bacteria.

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Proximal end of the filament of stamen is attached to the thalamus or petal and distal end is attached to anther.

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Meloidogyne incognita infects the root of tobacco plant.

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Sequoia is one of the tallest tree which is a gymnosperm and it can be 130 – 140 metres tall.

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Glycine is the simplest amino acid which is devoid of sulphur content.

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In bryophytes and pteridophytes, the male gametes are motile and it requires water for fertilization.

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As subsidiary cells and guard cells both are modification of epidermal cells in which guard cells have chloroplasts which is absent in surrounding subsidiary cells.

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Double fertilization is a characteristic feature exhibited by angiosperms. It involves syngamy and triple fusion.

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Rhodospirillum is anaerobic, free living nitrogen fixer. Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots of higher plants.

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Volvox is motile colonial fresh water alga with definite number of vegetative cells.

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Coconut fruit is a drupe. A drupe develops from monocarpellary superior ovary and are one seeded.

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Halophytes growing in saline soils show (i) Vivipary which is in-situ seed germination (ii) Pneumatophores for gaseous exchange

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Pinus is monoecious plant having both male and female cones on same plant.

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Ectocarpus has haplodiplontic life cycle and Fucus has diplontic life cycle. protein with 333 amino acids, and the base at position 901 is deleted such that the length of the RNA becomes 998 bases, how many codons will be altered? (1) 1 (2) 11 (3) 33 (4) 333 Answer (3) Sol. If deletion occurs at 901 st position the remaining 98 bases specifying for 33 codons of amino acids will be altered.

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Chlamydomonas has haplontic life cycle hence showing zygotic meiosis or initial meiosis.

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Yucca plants have a mutualistic relationship with yucca moths, where the moth pollinates the plant and lays eggs in the flowers, and the plant provides a food source for the moth larvae. This relationship is essential for the completion of both organisms' life cycles, so option (b) is correct.

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Bamboo species are known for flowering only once in their lifetime, a phenomenon called monocarpy. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes this unique reproductive characteristic, so option (c) is correct.

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Offsets are produced by mitotic divisions, which result in the formation of new plantlets that are genetically identical to the parent plant. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes offsets as a form of vegetative propagation, so option (b) is correct.

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Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod are known for their work on the lac operon, a genetic regulatory system in bacteria. NCERT XII chapter Plant Kingdom does not cover these scientists, but the correct match is option (d).

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Sporopollenin, a highly resistant biopolymer, helps preserve pollen as fossils due to its toughness and chemical stability. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom discusses the role of sporopollenin in pollen grain preservation, so option (d) is correct.

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Stomata in grass leaves are dumb-bell shaped, a characteristic feature of the Poaceae family. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes this unique shape, so option (c) is correct.

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Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots that occur in halophytes, particularly in mangroves, to facilitate gas exchange in waterlogged soils. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes these adaptations in plants growing in saline and waterlogged conditions, so option (c) is correct.

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Grasses have limited secondary growth, primarily due to the presence of scattered vascular bundles and the absence of a continuous cambium layer. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes this characteristic of monocots, so option (c) is correct.

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Sweet potato is a modified adventitious root, which develops from the nodes of the stem and stores nutrients. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes sweet potato as an example of a storage root, so option (b) is correct.

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Ovules are not enclosed by an ovary wall in gymnosperms, as they are in angiosperms. This is a defining characteristic of gymnosperms, so option (c) is correct.

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Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all kingdoms, including Monera. This statement is incorrect because even bacteria (Monera) have structures that perform similar functions, such as electron transport chains. Therefore, option (d) is the wrong statement.

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- Herbarium: Is a place where dried and pressed plant specimens mounted on sheets are kept.
- Key: A booklet containing a list of characters and their alternates which are helpful in identification of various taxa.
- Museum: It is a place having a collection of preserved plants and animals.
- Catalogue: A list that enumerates methodically all the species found in an area with brief description aiding identification.

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Winged pollen grains are characteristic of gymnosperms, particularly $\text{Pinus}$. This adaptation helps in wind pollination, which is common in conifers, so option (d) is correct.

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Gemma cups are associated with asexual reproduction in liverworts like $\text{Marchantia}$. Biflagellate zoospores are characteristic of brown algae. $\text{Polysiphonia}$, a red alga, produces biflagellate zoospores, not uniflagellate gametes. $\text{Chlorella}$ is a unicellular green alga. Therefore, option (c) is wrongly matched.

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The drug 'Smack', also known as heroin, is derived from the latex of the opium poppy plant. NCERT XII chapter Plant Kingdom states that the latex from the unripe seed pods of the poppy plant is the source of opium and its derivatives, so option (b) is correct.

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Short arm is ′𝑝′ is and long arm is ‘q’

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Factual NCERT 22 SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK

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Ref. XII NCERT Chapter- 02, Page No. 36

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Factual- NCERT

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Ref. XI NCERT Chapter- 2, Page No. 22

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The body of the ovule is fused to the funicle at the hilum. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes the hilum as the point of attachment of the ovule to the funicle, so option (a) is correct.

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Strobili or cones are found in $\text{Equisetum}$, a genus of plants commonly known as horsetails. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes $\text{Equisetum}$ as having sporangia borne on sporophylls that are aggregated to form strobili, so option (d) is correct.

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Chlorella and Spirulina are both unicellular algae. Chlorella is a green alga, and Spirulina is a cyanobacterium, both of which are unicellular, making option (d) correct.

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In brinjal, the ovary is half inferior, meaning it is partially sunken into the floral cup but not completely fused with it. This is a characteristic feature of the Solanaceae family, to which brinjal belongs, as described in NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom, so option (a) is correct.

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Ray florets, found in the family Asteraceae, have a superior ovary. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes the floral structure of Asteraceae, confirming that ray florets have a superior ovary, so option (b) is correct.

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Floridean starch has a structure similar to amylopectin and glycogen, both of which are branched polysaccharides. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes floridean starch as a storage polysaccharide in red algae with a branched structure, so option (b) is correct.

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Water hyacinth and water lily are pollinated by both insects and water. Insects visit the flowers for nectar and pollen, facilitating cross-pollination, while water can also carry pollen between flowers. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes these plants as having both entomophilous and hydrophilous pollination mechanisms, so option (d) is correct.

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Gemmae are small, asexual reproductive structures found in some liverworts, such as Marchantia. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes gemmae as a means of vegetative reproduction in liverworts, so option (d) is correct.

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Carrageen is produced by red algae, specifically the genus $\text{Chondrus}$. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom states that red algae are rich in carrageenan, a polysaccharide used in food and industrial applications, so option (c) is correct.

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Chara is monoecious, with male and female reproductive structures on the same plant. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom describes Chara as having both male and female gametangia on the same thallus, so option (b) is correct.

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Genera like $\text{Selaginella}$ and $\text{Salvinia}$ produce two types of spores, microspores and megaspores, and are therefore classified as heterosporous. NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom defines heterosporous plants as those producing two distinct types of spores, so option (d) is correct.

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Ectocarpus stores mannitol as its reserve food material. This is a characteristic feature of brown algae, as mentioned in NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom, so option (a) is correct.

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- (a) - (iii): Brassicaceae is the correct family for plants like mustard and cabbage.
- (b) - (iv): Solanaceae is the correct family for plants like tomato and potato.
- (c) - (ii): Liliaceae is the correct family for plants like lilies and tulips.
- (d) - (i): Fabaceae is the correct family for plants like peas and beans.

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Pollen grains of some members of Poaceae (grass family) and Leguminosae (legume family) retain their viability for months after release. This is due to the protective nature of their pollen walls and the presence of desiccation-resistant structures, so option (b) is correct.

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Axillary buds of stems get modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns. Thorns are found in many plants such as Citrus and Bougainvillea.

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Hydrocolloids are water holding substances for eg. carrageen obtained from red algae (Rhodophyceae). - 42 - NEET (UG)-2022 (Code-Q1)

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• Vexillary aestivation and diadelphous stamens are the characteristic features of family Fabaceae. • Pisum sativum (garden pea) belongs to family Fabaceae. • Allium cepa (onion) and Colchicum autumnale (colchicine) belong to family Liliaceae. • Solanum nigrum belongs to Solanaceae.

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Ulothrix is a member of Chlorophyceae (green algae), with reserve food material, starch. Mannitol is stored food material of Phaeophyceae (brown algae).

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Manganese plays a major role in the splitting of water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis. Magnesium activates several enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration. Boron is involved in pollen germination. Iron activates the catalase and some other enzymes.

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Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures. This ability is called plasticity e.g. heterophylly in cotton, coriander and larkspur. In such plants, leaves of juvenile plant are different in a shape from those in mature plants. Maize does not show plasticity.

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When a flower can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane, it is zygomorphic for e.g. pea, gulmohar, bean, Cassia. Mustard, Datura and Chilli show actinomorphic flowers.

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The microbe, Frankia, produces nitrogen fixing nodules on the roots of non -leguminous plants (e.g. Alnus)

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The given figure is of a false fruit. False fruit develops from other floral parts and thalamus alongwith the development of ovary wall. - 49 - NEET (UG)-2022 (Code-Q1)

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Spirogyra is an alga. It shows haplontic life-cycle. Fern is pteridophyte. The dominant phase of life -cycle is diploid sporophyte. Its gametophyte is called prothallus. Funaria is a bryophyte. Its gametophyte is a leafy stage. Cycas is a gymnosperm. The main plant body in gymnosperm is sporophyte. They have highly reduced gametophyte stage.

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The assertion is correct: the protonema is the first stage of the gametophyte in mosses. The reason is also correct and provides the correct explanation: protonema develops directly from spores produced in the capsule. Both statements are accurate and aligned with NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom, so option (b) is correct.

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Heterosporous pteridophytes produce two types of spores: microspores and megaspores. Selaginella and Salvinia are known heterosporous pteridophytes, as described in NCERT XI chapter Plant Kingdom, so option (c) is correct.

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Datura shows actinomorphic flower. In Cassia, Pisum and Sesbania, zygomorphic flowers are seen.

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In members of Phaeophyceae sexual reproduction is by oogamous, isogamous or anisogamous methods. Therefore correct set of statements are A, C, D and E.

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Commensalism is the type of interaction in which one-species benefits and another is neither harmed nor benefited. An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch is an example of commensalism.

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In a pteridophytes life cycle, the correct sequence of stages will be given as follows:

B → Meiosis in spore mother cells

A → Prothallus stage

D → Formation of archegonia and antheridia in gametophyte

E → Transfer of antherozoids to the archegonia in presence of water

C → Fertilisation will occur

So, the correct sequence is B → A → D → E → C

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Sol. The correct sequence of events in the life cycle of bryophytes is

• Attachment of gametophyte to substratum.
• Release of antherozoids into water.
• Fusion of antherozoid with egg.
• Formation of sporophyte.
• Reduction division to produce haploid spores.

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Sweet potato is a root modification while potato is a stem modification but both of them have same function.

Analogous structures are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions.

Analogous structures are the result of convergent evolution.

• Homologous organs are anatomically similar but they do not perform similar function. Homologous organs are the result of divergent evolution.

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The gymnosperms (Gymnos : naked, sperma seed) are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by an ovary wall and remains exposed, both before and after fertilization. The seeds that develop post-fertilization, are not covered, i.e., naked.

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Pteridophyte - Salvinia
Bryophyte - Polytrichum
Angiosperm - Salvia
Gymnosperm - Ginkgo

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Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds which develop in small receptacles called gemma cups and help in asexual reproduction in bryophytes.